Border lands: sheepscapes, tree-lines

midwinter

meansealevel — Wed, 21 Dec 2011 19:55:10 +0000

In the cold, whooper swans arrived on the loch. The sheep also come close to the shore, the animals grazing alongside each other.

Today, the swans glided over: forward swan calling, chorus responding. I was worried about disturbing them, now I am worried they are seeing me off. I get ready to run.

Instead, we spend time just looking at each other, their curiousity and mine matched.

UK swallows have reached Durban!

meansealevel — Fri, 11 Nov 2011 12:19:41 +0000

South Africans are welcoming migrant barn swallows back this weekend: in Durban a party is planned next to reedbeds at Mount Moreland. It will be a spectacle at dusk, as they come to roost – millions of whirling birds, only ever seen in small groups in UK.

Barn swallows are Birdlife South Africa’s Bird of the Year and you can see more about this at www.barnswallow.co.za

The organisers add: Please join us for this unique event… Come and see 3 million Barn Swallows gathering together at sunset, every day from 5pm until mid April. Bring a picnic, seats and binoculars. An unforgettable experience for the entire family.

Mount Moreland is close to the new King Shaka airport, soon to be used by international delegates for the United Nations Climate Change Conference. Reflecting on this, I wrote the article below for Barn Swallow South Africa magazine.

This follows an earlier post on swallows in the Borders.

“Populus tremula, Tweedsmuir”

meansealevel — Thu, 28 Jul 2011 14:27:51 +0000

Last week, I took a couple of aspen cuttings to Dundee Botanical Gardens. They will spend a year or two in the nursery of the Native Plant Communities Unit (see http://www.dundee.ac.uk/botanic/garden/collections/)

Their new labels announced them: Populus tremula Tweedsmuir.

They will add genetic diversity to the collection, and are two of the eight I produced after collecting roots on the A701 (see http://inthepresenttense.net/2011/03/15/plantcollecting-on-the-a701/)

Specimen 19760128DA in the Native Garden also has expansion plans. I map out lines of runners and ramets radiating from his/her diamond marked trunk:

The ramets confusingly do not necessarily have aspen-shaped leaves. At their tops, closest to the light, the leaves are largest and pointed with round stems – no quaking here.

Indeed, a determined advance by 19760128DA, who is using the right to roam.

reaching Durban by air is simple

meansealevel — Fri, 03 Jun 2011 13:49:23 +0000

Swallows were here early this year – beginning of April. They sit on wires, preening, having made the flight over. Swooping for insects, refurbishing last year’s nesting sites.

Swallows are South Africa’s Bird of the Year this year. In November, there will be a welcome party for them near Durban: three million use reedbeds at Mount Moreland to roost after their migratory flight from Europe. The sight of millions of swallows landing at dusk is celebrated by local people who regard it as a breathtaking natural spectacle. Later on in November, United Nations delegates will be welcomed at the new King Shaka Airport for the International Conference on Climate Change.

Observing this coincidence, I am delighted to be able to distribute a special set of eight airmail stickers. The series stems from a South African design.

Airport expansion at Durban recently brought Boeing 747s and Airbusses into shared airspace with the barn swallows, who arrive from Europe to roost in Mount Moreland reedbeds on the wetland of Lake Victoria – less than two kilometres south of the new King Shaka airport. This attracted the attention of Birdlife International, concerned about the impact of the new airport. A compromise averted the drastic measure of eradicating the reedbeds, which had been suggested. Radar imagery warns airport controllers of twilight bird movements that might endanger aircraft and passengers by ‘birdstrike’.

The new runways at King Shaka Airport are big enough to allow Airbus and Boeing 747s to land and turn. This development is part of a planned Dube Trade Port, which rests on the vision of an aerotropolis, a city with an airport at it centre to assist the flow of cargo and capital.

This infrastructure will serve international politicians and delegates travelling for the Climate Change talks. As the United Nations conference website explains, getting to Durban couldn’t be easier:

“On the 1st May 2010, the new Durban International Airport situated in the north, at La Mercy swung into operation World Cup visitors were the first to glimpse Durban from a spacious, air conditioned complex with separate Arrival and Departure terminals. A range of relaxation areas, shops, restaurants and entertainment options keep passengers occupied while waiting for flights. Convenient hotels and conference centres also form part of the development which is minutes from the beaches and resorts of Durban’s North Coast. The new King Shaka International Airport (KSIA) provides international access to Durban and accommodates the largest aircraft in the world. With direct international flights by Emirates Air and other airlines expected to follow suit shortly, reaching Durban by air is simple.”

http://www.cop17durban.com/Durban_Information/Transport/Pages/Getting_Here.aspx

Notes

This develops previous work on ‘Swallow’ where I took a zoological specimen of Hirundo rustica as a point of departure. I flew with it to South Africa in 2007 - permission was granted from customs on the basis that the dead swallow was ‘stable at ambient temperatures’ so I could take it to a residency at Stellenbosch University Visual Arts Department. New work will be shown at the 4th Biennial Australian Animal Studies Group Conference in Queensland Australia (my submission will be sent by airmail). You can follow artistic developments on this blog. I will post research on http://meansealevel.wordpress.com. For previous work on ‘swallow’, go to http://www.meansealevel.net/?q=node/22

Welcome to free airmail stickers – just contact me.

tree-lines / aspen

meansealevel — Tue, 26 Apr 2011 10:48:10 +0000

summary of project at Over Phawhope Bothy, Ettrick Valley, Southern Upland Way

… the right to enter on to, roam on and pass over open country …

Aspens grew on me, as a wild presence exercising their right to roam. Aspen trees are fragments of the wildwood that extended across Scotland after the ice age. Thinly scattered, you may find a few remaining aspen stands in the southern uplands – in cleuchs beyond the reach of sheep’s teeth, or possibly surrounded by spruce plantation in dispirited clumps. Present in larger numbers, they can support a varied ecology. In leaf, aspens can be recognised by the way their thin-stemmed leaves shimmer and turn yellow in autumn.

I learnt to recognise aspens in winter habit, locating the nearest ones to Over Phawhope Bothy. I was taught to propagate them by encouraging them to form suckers – in the wild they spread themselves as clones, commandeering what space they can. A stand of aspen is likely to be very ancient, yet comprised of young trees that defeat death by sending runners.

… the separation of individual ramets, or daughter plants, occurs by the death of intervening connections, known as stolons or runners…

Near Over Phawhope Bothy, you can find two new young saplings that I planted and will keep an eye on until they are established. In time, their movement and colour can enliven the line of conifers that cast a dark tone behind them. Perhaps with more time, aspen may provide avenues of growth within a changing climate.

The photo above is of aspen in a protected cleuch in Moffatdale – some of the closest wild trees to Over Phawhope Bothy (taken in March 2011).

plant-collecting on the A701

meansealevel — Tue, 15 Mar 2011 17:29:53 +0000

I travel many miles looking for aspen. No Populus tremula at Dawyck Botanic Gardens (a kind of Tree Zoo). Down the A701: a grove by the side of the road.

I have permission to take a root cutting, but no-one to tell me which tree. Check the ID book: yes, it has diamond marks on its bark.

and sharp-ended leaf buds on brown stems:

Ok, dig. Looking for thick roots – just find strings. Wrongly assume need to dig deeper. My spade too big and too blunt. Lots of stones. A personable man and his son stop in a big green 4×4 to check I am not burying a body. Eventually work out that the roots get thicker and nearer the surface as you get away from the main stem. Find a wee sucker and that is where I find a finger-sized root. Use hands to pull it out together with a big pair of choppers, glad I brought them along.

Aspen grow on me, a wild presence, self-cloning their way along the burn.

I read later why I had to move away from the tree to find a runner – aspens defeat death with death:

Each of the morphological structures known as rhizome, stolon, runner [&c] undergo vegetative multiplication by death and decay of old tissue … Death of the stolon or runner separates these rooted and now independent daughter plants, each of which is termed a ramet. The ramets produced from one parent collectively form a genet or clone. (Plant Form, written by A Bell, drawn by A Bryan, p 206.)

Aspens quietly suckering their way as they can, commandeering space in the few corners they have left.

Fragments of this genet now sectioned, sandwiched with No 3 John Innes, set at 18 degrees C in a propagator.

Rhizomatic action seems to assume a rather purposeful and linear form, when biotic survival is concerned.

This particular aspen grove cannot be sure of its survival, I am told by its manager – too close to a planned access road for wind turbines. So now, what are now more numerous, wind turbines or aspens? I am also told that a wind turbine has vast concrete roots. I’d like to chip away at that too, and propagate a tiddler, on a community scale.

Proposal: planting an aspen at Over Phawhope, Ettrick Head

meansealevel — Wed, 02 Mar 2011 12:11:10 +0000

This post is about the practicality of planting an aspen.

The context: 2011 is International Year of Forests. An initiative of the Forest Bookstore in Selkirk has led to a group project – installations at a site in the ancient Ettrick Forest, at the head of the Ettrick Valley in Over Phawhope.

‘Phawhope’ might mean variegated valley / the valley of different colours:

The shelter is maintained by the Mountain Bothy Association. It is surrounded in the main by sitka spruce plantation, portions of which have recently been clearfelled. The bothy has sheep grazing immediately next to it, along the valley. The ground is rough and waterlogged.

Apart from the dominant spruce, there has been other tree-planting. A conifer (noble fir?) stands by the bothy. The river edge has been planted by Tweed Foundation as an effort to preserve riverine habitat – perhaps eight trees, at most 2.5 metres high – a mixture of hazel (?) and birch. Some grow reasonably – a few been axed (for the bothy fire?)

Closest to the bothy, starting at the tall fir, there is a line of six trees: birch, hazel (?) and ash extending along the west of the bothy (along the wall on the right of the photo above). The first (closest to the fir) has been axed. The second is dead:

The third tree in line (whch would be it’s neighbour) is best established – a hazel? Then three ashes follow, nibbled to three different degrees:

My proposal is to plant a sapling in the space between these two dead trees (next to the fir) and to keep check on its progress until it is established.

Why? The project is about biodiversity and exchange. A broadleaf tree would in some way assist biodiversity in Ettrick Head (albeit at a symbolic level). The exchange element is about carbon dioxide. It would offer Southern Upland Way walkers a growing resource (at a point in time when the Way landscape is changing due to commercial plantation and windfarms). To plant a tree is a way to look forward (at a time when we are forced to adapt to inevitable climate change and accelerating biodiversity loss). This will coincide with a publication by Reforesting Scotland with specific advice and information about trees and planting. I will also provide 2D work in or near the bothy developing visually some aspect of the tree in its context.

I will plant the sapling in April 2011. The materials budget for my part of this project stretches to £85. I aim to use local expertise and suppliers.

Aspen?

This choice is informed by current advocacy of aspen by various conservation groups in Scotland. Visually, their shimmering movement will add liveliness to the backdrop of still spruce. Their thin-stemmed leaves play in the wind, incredibly holding on to the branch. They have a vibrant yellow leaf in autumn. From a biodiversity point of view, the invertebrate populations associated with aspen copses are well studied, and considered important by entomologists. In Scotland, aspen plays a role in the regeneration and restoration of woodland and is also it is envisaged that it can play a role in commercial forests as the value of its wood is reconsidered.

Comments to date (many thanks for these):

• from an entomological viewpoint: the presence of aspen does not mean associated invertebrates will be present – it is a widely distributed tree but the range of associated fauna only occur when there are stands of it. Single trees will not attract a density of species. Some invertebrate species need fallen trees, standing in particular ways and on a large scale. Aspen stands have been studied in the Highlands – see Malloch Society Research Report No1, the Entomological Value of Aspen inthe Scottish Highlands. Also see proceedings of a conference on the Biodiversity and Management of Aspen Woodlands published via SNH in 2002.

• the photograph of the nibbled tree within the tree guard looks like deer damage. This means I need a higher tree guard. I read that apsen are particularly attractive to herbivores. (I wonder what measures are taken in the forest to prevent deer damage?

• The idea of wolves at Ettrick head is intriguing – they have been called ‘painters of hills’ by Jim Crumley because they cut back herbivore grazing and allow different plant grwoth. There is also an association of beavers with aspen.

When was the last wolf, the last beaver, seen at Phawhope?

• advice on its likely growth: “I would guess it would grow about one foot per year depending on soil and climate. It looks a wind swept situation, which could limit growth. Aspen spreads by suckering which makes it unpopular in foresry since it takes nutrients from the profitable trees. In your situation it would produce suckers around it every summer, but these would be browsed down by sheep and deer in the winter, and so would be no problem in the wider landscape. If the aspen was in an enclosed garden with other plants you might need to prune off the suckers each year.”

• How to produce aspen seeding (I should have started a year ago). They hardly ever seed. So you have to propagate them from root cuttings. At the beginning of March, dig up a root about half an inch to an inch circumference. Any length. Be careful not to bruise them, cut off any bruised bits if necessary. Put the root into medium, propagate, and after two weeks, they shoot. When the shoots are two inches high, cut them with a craft knife. Plant them into perlite and vermiculite, and leave another fortnight to root. Prick them out into compost, and keep them in a greenhouse till mid June. Keep in a pot till the next year.

• Plant on bare earth (clear away the grass) and put up what tree guards are necessary for the site. If deer are present, you need a high-sided guard. Rabbits need to be kept out with wire. Voles need a vole guard. Check the tree at the start of the growing season and in autumn for a couple of years. Play it by ear when to remove the tree guards, could be needed for several years.

More practical questions:

• What is the best robust design for a tree guard? (best to avoid wood as it will be tempting fodder for the bothy fire?)

• What would it need protecting it from?

• Would it be good to feed / manure / mulch the sapling?

• Would any record of planting in Phawhope be available?

• Is there any cahnce of this in actuality increasing invertebrate biodiversity? What would that require?

euroforest: Run, animals! Run!

meansealevel — Sat, 26 Feb 2011 14:18:19 +0000

In the uplands of the Scottish Borders, it’s mainly farming for sheep and trees – and now wind too. euroforest styles much of the landscape. (Not any company in particular – I use a small ‘e’ generically.)

I do not know who owns the patch next to where we live – but last Monday night ‘they’ started felling euroforest by floodlight. This week a cut is extending into a familiar view.

Last year we received a letter to reassure us that the contractors would be careful when they logged the section around our water supply. This year new work took us by surprise: Now the holes in the road out of the valley will now really go to pot! Hope the drivers look out for children, dogs, chickens.

So little I know. Who pays for the holes the lorries make? How much is a spruce worth? What is the wood good for?

I wanted to film the machine at work but it’s hard to actually speak to the operator to get permission. We wave at each other. I draw. I know nothing about these vehicles. I see them in animal terms: limbs, joints, mouths, and lots of erections. I think maybe the endbit is called a grapple-hook. It is very dextrous.

A saw appears like a tongue after it grabs the trunk. It takes less than a minute to strip a tree and chop it. Last year I tried to hide from these scenes. This year I decided to learn about what happens. Seeing a tree fall is exciting. (I have read that artists in the Arctic cheered as huge blocks of ice fell from the bergs they watched, talking about climate change.)

Last year two girls ran along the leat which was to be cleared, shouting: “Run animals! Run!” What animals are there to run? Despite the dead space between closely packed spruce trees, we have seen squirrels, hare, foxes, deer, badgers, and crossbills (were they nesting yet?). Buzzards, pigeons, siskins, what do they do?

Maybe the brush offers shelter, voles kept in view by a hovering kestrel. ‘Snags’ - dead standing trees – give vantage points for buzzards, crows.

One section of euroforest has been de-stumped. This seems crazy: it is rumoured to go to Lockerbie Biomass power plant. Renewable? However much oil does it take to dig stumps up and transport them? Elsewhere, ‘residues’ are scraped up. I wonder about dead wood decay into soil, about invertebrates? I am told dead wood adds methane to the atmosphere, acidifies the soil. What do I know? We see the soil run off in heavy rain.

euroforest is busy also in the Ettrick valley. On Monday residents’ anger will be aired at a public meeting. Broken promises, potholes, scarring access roads, abandoned sheep farms.

Erasure of place upsets. We use words like ‘blanket’, ‘swathe’, ‘obliteration’, ‘monoculture’. There are traces of sheepscapes.

With occasional trees older than a single human generation.

My proposal is to plant an aspen at upper Phawhope bothy at the head of Ettrick valley – as a Way installation inspired by the Forest Bookstore in Selkirk.

Endnote: This photo-essay is an introduction to my project ‘in the present tense‘ – fieldwork as an environmental artist about land use in the Scottish Borders. I look for entwined patterns of co-existence as animals, people, climate and land adjust to each other. I use drawing as a tool for investigation and this brings me into contact with people whose livelihood depends on the land. This highlights the resources of knowledge, skill and design underlying what may be seen as pastoral Borders’ scenery. This takes place within an industrial scenario where commodities are extracted. I think of my task as being to look carefully, scrutinise my own preconceptions and lack of knowledge, and draw out new connections. Borders’ farmland has been described as “sheep and trees, cows and ploughs”. I began with sheepscapes and am now moving onto trees. Tree-lines as a project started with the idea of deadwood and its generative possibilities – trying to ‘think like a tree’, prolong my anthropocentric time-line, and deepen my investigation to take in more about what is under my feet, and above my head.

Tree-lines offer a malleable idea for further investigation … land-use … climatic transition … life-lines and shelter … diagrammatic rendering (productivity, biomass, carbon sequestration) … pattern and repetition … supply lines … cultural entanglements …

walks at mean sea level

meansealevel — Fri, 18 Feb 2011 15:15:13 +0000

Two walks in changeable places on the south west and south east English coast:

muddy places full of overwintering wading birds

The Severn from Sand Point – overlooking the lowest point for a possible Barrage (plans now shelved)

Ray Island on the Blackwater Estuary in Essex, a stone throw from proposed nuclear power station (Bradwell 2)

Grazed by a flock of Shetland sheep

Ray Island, uniquely self-forming from mud in a sheltered creek

a line of shrubs just visible above the sea wall, reddening into spring

thinking like a tree

meansealevel — Mon, 07 Feb 2011 13:00:08 +0000

In “Thinking like a mountain”, Aldo Leopold wrote: Only the mountain has lived long enough to listen objectively to the howl of a wolf. I start by trying to think like a tree. Paper pulp, bits of spruce, an old tree guard. In a woodland management leaflet (from Fountains Forestry) a photograph shows lines of plastic tubes beckoning to the future.